Predictive value of quantitative fetal fibronectin for spontaneous preterm birth in asymptomatic pregnancies: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Tests capable of accurate prediction of spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) are crucial to inform clinical decisions to prevent neonatal deaths and reduce the risk of morbidity in surviving infants. A systematic literature review and meta-analysis were performed to assess the utility of the quantitative fetal fibronectin (fFN) test to predict sPTB at different test concentration thresholds. METHODS: Literature searches were conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library in May 2022. Observational studies and clinical trials investigating the clinical utility of the quantitative fFN test in asymptomatic pregnancies prior to 37 weeks of gestation were eligible for inclusion. Meta-analysis quantified the risk of sPTB prior to four gestational age milestones (<28, <30, <34 and <37 weeks) based on quantitative fFN levels. No risk of bias assessment was performed however, clinical and methodological heterogeneity was explored to determine the feasibility of performing analyses. RESULTS: 11 studies showed a quantitative assessment of fFN can differentiate between very high and very low risks of sPTB in asymptomatic pregnancies with <10% of women with very low fFN (<10 ng/mL) versus 37-67% of women with very high fFN (>200 ng/mL) delivering before 34 weeks. A meta-analysis of two studies showed, albeit with a low number of events, the odds of sPTB prior to 28 weeks was nine times higher in women testing positive at ≥50 ng/mL, whereas the odds of sPTB was 25 times higher in women with fFN concentrations >200 ng/mL (versus <50 ng/mL reference). Similarly, pooling three studies showed the odds of sPTB prior to 37 weeks was four times higher in women who tested positive at ≥50 ng/ml whereas the odds of delivery before 37 weeks was seven times higher for women with fFN concentrations ≥200 ng/ml (versus <50 ng/mL reference). CONCLUSION: Quantitative fFN testing demonstrates increased predictive capabilities and utility of fFN testing in clinical practice, potentially preventing unnecessary intervention for women at very low risk and allowing an opportunity to optimize the management of asymptomatic patients at high risk of preterm delivery.

Creation of a decellularized vaginal matrix from healthy human vaginal tissue for potential vagina reconstruction: experimental studies.

BACKGROUND: When a disorder causes the absence of a healthy, full-size vagina, various neovaginal creation methods are available. Sometimes dilation or stretching of the vaginal cavity is sufficient, but intestinal or dermal flap tissue is generally required. However, different inherent tissue properties cause complications. Therefore, a lost body part should be replaced with a similar material. The use of organ-specific acellular vaginal tissue carries great potential, as its similar architecture and matrix composition make it suitable for vaginal regeneration. METHODS: The authors developed an optimized protocol for decellularization of healthy human vaginal tissue. Resected colpectomy tissue from 12 healthy transgender patients was used. Successful decellularization was confirmed by applying acellular criteria from in-vivo remodeling reports. Suitability as a tissue-mimicking scaffold for vaginal reconstruction was determined by visible structural features, biocompatibility during stretching, and the presence of visible collagen, elastin, laminin, and fibronectin. RESULTS: Histological examination confirmed the preservation of structural features, and minimal cellular residue was seen during fluorescence microscopy, DNA and RNA quantification, and fragment length examination. Biomechanical testing showed decreased peak load (55%, P <0.05), strain at rupture (23%, P <0.01), and ultimate tensile stress (55%, P <0.05) after decellularization, while the elastic modulus (68%) did not decrease significantly. Fluorescence microscopy revealed preserved Fibronectin-I/II/III and Laminin-I/II, while Collagen-I and Ficolin-2B were decreased but mostly retained. CONCLUSIONS: The absence of cellular residue, moderately altered biomechanical extracellular matrix properties, and mostly preserved structural proteins appear to make our decellularized human vaginal matrix a suitable tissue-mimicking scaffold for vagina transplantation when tissue survival through vascularization and innervation are accomplished in the future.

New approaches concerning the testis of Astyanax lacustris (Characidae): immunohistochemical studies.

Astyanax lacustris, locally known as lambari-do-rabo-amarelo, is a study model for Neotropical fish. Testis of A. lacustris shows deep morphophysiological changes throughout the annual reproductive cycle. This work analyzed the distribution of claudin-1, actin, and cytokeratin as elements of the cytoskeleton in germinal epithelium and interstitium; the distribution of type I collagen, fibronectin, and laminin as extracellular matrix compounds; and the localization of androgen receptor in the testis of this species. Claudin-1, cytokeratin, and actin were present in the Sertoli cells and modified Sertoli cells, and actin was also detected in peritubular myoid cells. Type I collagen were in the interstitial tissue, laminin in the basement membrane of germinal epithelium and endothelium, but fibronectin was additionally detected in the germinal epithelium compartment. The labeling of androgen receptor was higher in peritubular myoid cells and undifferentiated spermatogonia, and weaker labeling was detected in type B spermatogonia. Therefore, the present work highlights new aspects of the biology of the testis of A. lacustris, and contribute to amplify the understanding of this organ.

Identification of biochemical biomarkers associated with premature cervical shortening in high-risk, asymptomatic pregnant women: a retrospective data analysis.

Reliably predicting spontaneous preterm birth remains challenging, therefore it persists as a major contributor to perinatal morbidity and mortality. The use of biomarkers to predict premature cervical shortening, a recognised risk factor for spontaneous preterm birth, is yet to be fully explored in current literature. This study evaluates seven cervicovaginal biochemical biomarkers as possible predictors of premature cervical shortening. Asymptomatic, high-risk women (n = 131) presenting to a specialised preterm birth prevention clinic were analysed through a retrospective data analysis. Cervicovaginal biochemical biomarker concentrations were obtained, and the shortest cervical length measurement, up to 28 weeks' gestation, was recorded. Associations between biomarker concentration and cervical length were then analysed. Of the seven biochemical biomarkers, Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist and Extracellular Matrix Protein-1 had statistically significant relationships with cervical shortening below 25 mm. Further investigation is required to validate these findings and any downstream clinical utility, with intentions to improve perinatal outcomes.IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? Preterm birth is a major cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. A woman's risk of delivering preterm is currently stratified using historical risk factors, mid-gestation cervical length, and biochemical biomarkers such as foetal fibronectin.What do the results of this study add? In a cohort of high-risk, asymptomatic pregnant women, two cervicovaginal biochemical biomarkers, Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist and Extracellular Matrix Protein-1, displayed associations with premature cervical shortening.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Further investigation into the possible clinical utility of these biochemical biomarkers is warranted, with a view to improving preterm birth prediction and antenatal resource utilisation, thereby reducing the burden of preterm birth and its sequelae in a cost-effective manner.

Characterization of fibronectin properties by integrated micro-fluidic experiments and fluid-structure interaction simulations.

Fibronectin (Fn) has been observed to assemble in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of cell culture and stretch in response to the external force. The alteration of molecule domain functions generally follows the extension of Fn. Several researchers have investigated fibronectin extensively in molecular architecture and conformation structure. However, the bulk material behavior of the Fn in the ECM has not been fully depicted at the cell scale, and many studies have ignored physiological conditions. Conversely, microfluidic techniques that explore cellular properties based on cell deformation and adhesion have emerged as a powerful and effective platform to study cell rheological transformation in a physiological environment. However, directly quantifying properties from microfluidic measurements remains a challenge. Therefore, it is an efficient way to combine experimental measurements with a robust and reliable numerical framework to calibrate the mechanical stress distribution in the test sample. In this paper, we present a monolithic Lagrangian fluid-structure interaction (FSI) approach within the Optimal Transportation Meshfree (OTM) framework that enables the investigation of the adherent Red Blood Cell (RBC) interacting with fluid and overcomes the drawbacks of the traditional computational tools such as the mesh entanglement and interface tracking, etc. This study aims to assess the material properties of the RBC and Fn fiber by calibrating the numerical predictions to experimental measurements. Moreover, a physical-based constitutive model will be proposed to describe the bulk behavior of the Fn fiber inflow, and the rate-dependent deformation and separation of the Fn fiber will be discussed.

Characterisation of collagen type I matrices for pathophysiologically relevant spatial cancer cell cultures.

Specific cues provided to cells by the extracellular matrix (ECM) are determined by its composition. Except of collagens other naturally occurring ECM components should be considered in designing 3D models of diseases. We used spectrophotometric and rheological measurements and confocal imaging to characterise collagen matrices of human origin that can be modified by clinically relevant ECM components. pH of the neutralising solution, but not incubation of solidified collagen matrices in serum-free culture medium with pH 5.0-9.0 affected distribution of collagen fibres. Admixture of fibronectin or tenascin-C influenced assembly kinetics and resulted in slight increase in the Young's moduli of the matrices, indicating their incorporation into the collagen matrices. Co-localization of fibronectin with collagen fibres was confirmed by fluorescence imaging. Various cell types relevant for tumour tissue were able to proliferate within the matrices suggesting that they can be used to study role of ECM components in cancer in spatial models.

Evaluation of EDB Fibronectin in Plasma, Patient-Derived Xenograft Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded and Fresh Frozen Tumor Tissues Using Immunoaffinity LC-MS/MS.

The fibronectin (FN) isoform including the extradomain B (EDB) segment (EDB + FN) is a promising tumor target and is highly expressed in some tumor types, such as breast, head, and neck cancer. To date, mostly immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot have been used for the analysis of EDB + FN. However, complete quantitative measurements of EDB + FN expression in a tumor and circulation are important for the development of anti-EDB therapeutics. To this end, a method using protein enrichment followed by online antipeptide antibody enrichment coupled with a nanoflow LC-MS/MS was developed to quantify EDB + FN in human and cynomolgus plasma, patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumors, and PDX formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples. Mouse plasma EDB + FN was analyzed using a protein immunoaffinity method followed by nanoflow LC-MS/MS. EDB + FN concentrations were 63.1 pmol/g in PDX breast cancer tumor and 49.6 pmol/g in PDX head and neck tumor. Mean plasma concentration was 1.1 nM (pmol/mL, 47.4 ng/mL) in normal healthy humans and 0.35 nM (15.1 ng/mL) in naive cynomolgus. The assay sensitivity was 0.018 nM based on calibration with recombinant human EDB + FN (rhEDB + FN).

The use of fetal fibronectin and cervical length measurements in the prediction of spontaneous preterm birth in women with an Arabin pessary in situ.

OBJECTIVES: The ability to predict spontaneous PTB (sPTB) has improved greatly, allowing women at risk to be managed with prophylactic interventions such as cervical cerclage and the Arabin pessary. Cervicovaginal fetal fibronectin (qfFN) concentration and ultrasound measurement of cervical length (CL) are the two most established tools to predict sPTB. There is however limited data regarding the predictive value of qfFN and CL tests following insertion of an Arabin pessary. Our aim was therefore to determine the clinical use of qfFN and CL measurements to predict sPTB in women fitted with an Arabin pessary. STUDY DESIGN: This study is a secondary analysis on the SUPPORT trial data. Data were prospectively collected from women attending high-risk preterm surveillance clinics in 3 London centres between July 2015 and April 2020. The matched control group was pregnant women attending the same high-risk preterm surveillance clinics who had not received an Arabin pessary. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for prediction of birth by 34 and by 37 weeks' gestation were generated for qfFN and CL measurements combined for both study groups. A formal comparison of area under the curve before 34 weeks' gestation (AUC < 34 weeks) was made between the two study groups. RESULTS: At our primary endpoint of sPTB < 34 weeks' gestation, qfFN was a good predictor of sPTB in cases with an Arabin pessary in situ (AUC, 0.79, 95% CI: 0.62-0.90) and no worse than the control group who did not have an Arabin pessary, (AUC 0.74, 95% CI: 0.48-0.96). CL had good prediction for sPTB < 34 weeks' gestation in the control group (AUC 0.76, 95% CI: 0.63-0.88) but was lower and non-significant in the Arabin pessary case group (AUC 0.60, 95% CI: 0.43-0.76). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that cervicovaginal qfFN concentration is equally reliable in the prediction of sPTB in pregnant women at increased risk of sPTB with and without an Arabin pessary in situ, and significantly better than CL measurement alone for predicting delivery before 34 weeks. This commonly used test therefore has utility in predicting sPTB in pregnant women fitted with an Arabin pessary.

FNDC5/Irisin: Physiology and Pathophysiology.

A sedentary lifestyle or lack of physical activity increases the risk of different diseases, including obesity, diabetes, heart diseases, certain types of cancers, and some neurological diseases. Physical exercise helps improve quality of life and reduces the risk of many diseases. Irisin, a hormone induced by exercise, is a fragmented product of FNDC5 (a cell membrane protein) and acts as a linkage between muscles and other tissues. Over the past decade, it has become clear that irisin is a molecular mimic of exercise and shows various beneficial effects, such as browning of adipocytes, modulation of metabolic processes, regulation of bone metabolism, and functioning of the nervous system. Irisin has a role in carcinogenesis; numerous studies have shown its impact on migration, invasion, and proliferation of cancer cells. The receptor of irisin is not completely known; however, in some tissues it probably acts via a specific class of integrin receptors. Here, we review research from the past decade that has identified irisin as a potential therapeutic agent in the prevention or treatment of various metabolic-related and other diseases. This article delineates structural and biochemical aspects of irisin and provides an insight into the role of irisin in different pathological conditions.

Salivary Irisin and periodontal clinical parameters in patients of chronic periodontitis and healthy individuals: A novel salivary myokine for periodontal disease.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate changes in the levels of salivary irisin in chronic periodontitis, and to correlate the two. METHODS: The analytical cross-sectional study was conducted at Fatima Memorial Hospital & College of Dentistry, Lahore, Pakistan, from September 2017 to March 2018, and comprised patients of either gender visiting the periodontic out-patient department. The subjects were divided into group I, which had periodontally healthy controls, and group II, which had an equal number of chronic periodontitis patients. Chronic periodontitis was assessed on basis of pocket probing depth, clinical attachment level, plaque percentage and bleeding on probing. Also, 4ml of un-stimulated saliva was collected for the quantification of irisin protein using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data was analysed using SPSS 25. RESULTS: Of the 40 subjects, there were 20 (50%) in group I with 10 (50%) males and 10 (50%) females having an overall mean age of 37.60±2.58 years. The remaining 20 (50%) subjects were in group II with 16 (80%) males and 4 (20%) females having an overall mean age of 43.25±6.10 years. Mean salivary irisin level in group II was 6.80±3.97ng/ml compared to 3.99±2.48 ng/ml in group I (p=0.009). Periodontal clinical parameters in both the groups were positively but non-significantly correlated with salivary irisin levels (p>0.05) except for decreased plaque percentage in group I (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Salivary irisin levels increased in chronic periodontitis and decreased with decreasing plaque percentage in healthy individuals, indicating that this myokine can act as a biomarker for chronic periodontal disease.

Multi-modal Profiling of the Extracellular Matrix of Human Fallopian Tubes and Serous Tubal Intraepithelial Carcinomas.

Recent evidence supports the fimbriae of the fallopian tube as one origin site for high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). The progression of many solid tumors is accompanied by changes in the microenvironment, including alterations of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Therefore, we sought to determine the ECM composition of the benign fallopian tube and changes associated with serous tubal intraepithelial carcinomas (STICs), precursors of HGSOC. The ECM composition of benign human fallopian tube was first defined from a meta-analysis of published proteomic datasets that identified 190 ECM proteins. We then conducted de novo proteomics using ECM enrichment and identified 88 proteins, 7 of which were not identified in prior studies (COL2A1, COL4A5, COL16A1, elastin, LAMA5, annexin A2, and PAI1). To enable future in vitro studies, we investigated the levels and localization of ECM components included in tissue-engineered models (type I, III, and IV collagens, fibronectin, laminin, versican, perlecan, and hyaluronic acid) using multispectral immunohistochemical staining of fimbriae from patients with benign conditions or STICs. Quantification revealed an increase in stromal fibronectin and a decrease in epithelial versican in STICs. Our results provide an in-depth picture of the ECM in the benign fallopian tube and identified ECM changes that accompany STIC formation. (J Histochem Cytochem XX: XXX-XXX, XXXX).

Irisin concentration in infant formulas and breast milk.

BACKGROUND: Irisin is a newly discovered myokine with antiobesity properties. The delivery of irisin with the breast milk or formula is an emerging concept that myokine present at human milk influences postnatal energy balance and developmental parameters. The aim of the study was to evaluate irisin concentration in breast milk of mothers with term and preterm babies and in infant formulas. METHODS: A total of 49 lactating mothers were enrolled in the study: 31 mothers of very low birth weight preterm infants and 18 mothers of term infants. Milk samples were collected twice: during the first week after delivery and after 4 weeks of delivery. Irisin concentration was determined using ELISA kits both in human milk and in samples of 14 different infant formulas. RESULTS: There were no differences in milk irisin levels between preterm and full-term milk samples during both the 1st and the 4th week after delivery. There were also no differences in irisin concentration between transitional milk and mature milk in both tested groups. Irisin concentrations in preterm and full-term milk were significantly higher than in formulas for 30 days period after delivery. A significant increase of irisin concentration in natural milk 4 weeks postdelivery in comparison to 1st week after delivery was observed (mean difference 0.362 µg/mL; P=0.0063). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that irisin is present in infant formulas, although in less amount than in human milk. Further research is needed to assess, if children fed with infant formulas may disadvantage from lower irisin supply.

Fibronectin Molecular Status in Plasma of Women with Endometriosis and Fertility Disorders.

The diagnosis of endometriosis and fertility disorders is difficult; therefore, it is necessary to look for reliable biomarkers. Analysis of the molecular status of fibronectin as a key player in repair and wound healing processes, as well as in coagulation and fibrinolysis pathways, is justified. ELISA and SDS-agarose immunoblotting were applied to determine the fibronectin concentration and presence and occurrence of soluble FN-fibrin complexes in the blood plasma of women with endometriosis (n = 38), fertility disorders (n = 28) and the healthy group (n = 25). The concentration of fibronectin in the blood plasma of women with endometriosis (292.61 ± 96.17 mg/L) and fertility disorders (287.53 ± 122.68 mg/L) was significantly higher than in the normal group (226.55 ± 91.98 mg/L). The presence of FN-fibrin complexes of 750, 1000, 1300, 1600 and 1900 kDa in the plasma of women with endometriosis and fertility disorders was shown. The presence of FN-fibrin complexes with a molecular mass of more than 1300 kDa in women with endometriosis and infertility and the complete absence of these complexes in healthy women may indicate an increased and chronic activation of coagulation mechanisms in these patients. The presence of complexes of high molecular mass may be one of the biomarkers of fertility disorders in women.

Efficacy of Targeted ECO/miR-200c Nanoparticles for Modulating Tumor Microenvironment and Treating Triple Negative Breast Cancer as Non-invasively Monitored by MR Molecular Imaging.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effectiveness of targeted ECO/miR-200c in modulating tumor microenvironment and treating triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) using non-invasive magnetic resonance molecular imaging (MRMI) of extradomain B fibronectin (EDB-FN) with a targeted MRI contrast agent. METHODS: MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T TNBC cells were transfected with RGD-PEG-ECO/miR-200c. Invasive and migratory potential was evaluated using transwell, scratch wound, and spheroid formation assays. Athymic nude mice bearing orthotopic MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T xenografts were treated with weekly i.v. injection of RGD-PEG-ECO/miR-200c nanoparticles at 1.0 mg/kg/week RNA for 6 weeks. MRMI of EDB-FN was performed using a targeted contrast agent MT218 [ZD2-N3-Gd(DO3A)] on a 3 T MRS 3000 scanner. T1-weighted images were acquired following intravenous injection of MT218 at dose of 0.1 mmol/kg using a fast spin echo axial sequence with respiratory gating. RESULTS: Systemic administration of RGD-PEG-ECO/miR-200c nanoparticles in mice bearing orthotopic TNBC xenografts significantly suppressed tumor progression without toxic side-effects. MRMI with MT218 revealed that the treatment significantly suppressed tumor proliferation as compared to the control. MRMI also showed that the miR-200c treatment altered tumor microenvironment by reducing EDB-FN expression, as evidenced by decreased contrast enhancement in both MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T tumors. The reduction of EDB-FN was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSIONS: Targeted delivery of miR-200c with RGD-PEG-ECO/miR-200c nanoparticles effectively modulates tumor microenvironment and suppresses TNBC proliferation in animal models. MRMI of tumor EDB-FN expression is effective to non-invasively monitor tumor response and therapeutic efficacy of RGD-PEG-ECO/miR-200c nanoparticles in TNBC.

Self-reported pain scores as a predictor of preterm birth in symptomatic twin pregnancy: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the self-reported pain scores as a predictor of preterm birth (PTB) in symptomatic twin pregnancy and to develop a nomogram for the prediction model. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of 148 cases of symptomatic twin pregnancies before 34 weeks of gestation visited at Seoul national university hospital from 2013 to 2018. With other clinical factors, self-reported pain score was evaluated by the numerical rating scale (NRS) pain scores for pain intensity. By multivariate analyses and logistic regression, we developed a prediction model for PTB within 7 days. Using the Cox proportional hazards model, the curves were plotted to show the predictability of the PTB according to NRS pain score, while adjusting the other covariates. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients (15.5 %) delivered preterm within 7 days. By a logistic regression analysis, higher NRS pain score (OR 1.558, 95 % CI 1.093-2.221, P < 0.05), shorter cervical length (OR 3.164, 95 % CI 1.262-7.936, P < 0.05) and positive fibronectin results (OR 8.799, 95 % CI 1.101-70.330, P < 0.05) affect PTB within 7 days. Using the variables, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of the prediction model was 0.917. In addition, we developed a nomogram for the prediction of PTB within 7 days. CONCLUSIONS: Self-reported pain scores combined with cervical length and fetal fibronectin are useful in predicting impending PTB in symptomatic twin pregnancy.

High irisin and low BDNF levels in aqueous humor of high myopia.

BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of myopia remains unclear. Both genetic and environmental factors play a role in the disease progression. Reasons including reduced physical activity (PA) and low-grade intraocular inflammation may be involved in the development of myopia. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the levels of irisin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and other intraocular cytokines in aqueous humor of high myopia patients, and to evaluate the roles of PA and inflammation in developing myopia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We collected aqueous humor samples from patients with axial length (AL) over 26 mm (n = 35) or shorter than 25 mm (n = 38) during cataract extraction surgery. Samples were assayed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit for irisin and a multiplex immunoassay kit for BDNF, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). RESULTS: Irisin levels in the aqueous samples of the highly myopic eyes were significantly higher than in the control group (p = 0.027). The BDNF levels of the highly myopic group were significantly lower than in the control group (p = 0.043). Median level of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) for highly myopic group (2.035 pg/mL) was statistically significantly higher than in the control group (0.750 pg/mL) (U = 210.5, Z = -4.495, p < 0.001). Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) level in the aqueous samples of the highly myopic group was significantly lower than in the shorter AL group (p = 0.049). Interleukin 6, IL-8 and IL-10 levels were not significantly different between the 2 groups (p = 0.501, p = 0.059 and p = 0.192, respectively). Tumor necrosis factor α levels could only be detected in 30 samples and median levels in the 2 groups were not statistically significantly different (U = 99, Z = -0.482, p = 0.650). No correlation was found between IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-α, and the AL (p > 0.05). Irisin was positively correlated with AL (p = 0.028, r = 0.287). The BDNF was negatively correlated with AL (p = 0.040, r = -0.246). Interleukin 1ra was negatively correlated with AL (p = 0.038, r = -0.276). There was also a correlation between LIF and AL (p < 0.001, r = 0.486). CONCLUSIONS: Higher irisin level in high myopia group opens a new direction to discover the relationship between PA and myopia. The decreased BDNF in high myopia group probably demonstrates the connection between myopia and neurodegenerative disease.

Salivary irisin: potential inflammatory biomarker in recurrent apthous stomatitis patients.

OBJECTIVE: Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS) is the most common inflammatory condition of the oral mucosa characterised by recurrent onset of single or multiple painful ulcers mainly affecting the nonkeratinized oral mucosa. RAS mostly occurs in healthy individuals with no associated systemic diseases. Irisin is a newly identified adipomyokine and research has revealed that it has anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the significance of salivary irisin levels in patients with recurrent apthous stomatitis (RAS). PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this investigation, 80 individuals were evaluated. The patient group included 30 patients diagnosed with RAS and each control group consisted of 25 smoker and non-smoker healthy individuals. Saliva samples were collected and salivary irisin, interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-É£ (IF-É£) levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: IL-2 and IF-É£ levels in RAS patients were significantly higher than control smoker and non-smoker groups (p=0.0001, p=0.0001, respectively). Irisin level was higher in RAS patients than smoker controls and non-smoker controls. The level of irisin was found as sensitive and specific as IL-2 and more sensitive and specific than IF-É£. The salivary levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-2 and IF-É£ and irisin were higher in RAS group compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report evaluating the irisin an adipo-myokine as an inflammatory biomarker in RAS.

Diagnostic accuracy of quantitative fetal fibronectin to predict spontaneous preterm birth: A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Use of quantitative fetal fibronectin (fFN) testing to predict spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) is gaining attention owing to its absolute measurement of fFN concentration and increased positive predictive value compared with qualitative testing. OBJECTIVE: To assess the predictive values of quantitative fFN for sPTB in different predefined thresholds using systematic review and meta-analysis. SEARCH STRATEGY: Five major databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane library) were searched for eligible studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: Observational studies of the diagnostic accuracy of different quantitative fFN thresholds on delivery outcomes were included. DATA COLLECTION AND EXTRACTION: Articles were reviewed independently by two authors and data were extracted. Sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratio, and summary receiver operating characteristic curves were extracted and calculated. MAIN RESULTS: Fifteen studies were included. To detect sPTB at less than 34 weeks of gestation, pooled sensitivities for thresholds of 10, 50, 200, and 500 ng/ml were 0.78, 0.56, 0.33, and 0.11, respectively. Pooled specificities were 0.63, 0.84, 0.96, and 0.99, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results of the meta-analysis, the threshold of 10 ng/ml fFN may be a new choice for the prediction of sPTB. The improved diagnostic accuracy of quantitative testing over qualitative testing can provide additional discriminatory information for clinical practice.

Aqueous Fibronectin Correlates With Severity of Macular Edema and Visual Acuity in Patients With Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion: A Proteome Study.

Purpose: Large-scale protein analysis may bring important insights into molecular changes following branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). Using proteomic techniques this study compared aqueous humor samples from patients with BRVO to age-matched controls. Methods: Aqueous humor samples from treatment naive patients with BRVO complicated by macular edema (n = 19) and age-matched controls (n = 18) were analyzed with label-free quantification nano liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (LFQ nLC-MS/MS). The severity of macular edema was measured as central retinal thickness (CRT) with optical coherence tomography. Control samples were obtained prior to cataract surgery. Proteins were filtered by requiring quantification in at least 50% of the samples in each group without imputation of missing values. Significantly changed proteins were identified with a permutation-based calculation with a false discovery rate at 0.05. Results: In BRVO, 52 proteins were differentially expressed. Regulated proteins were involved in cell adhesion, coagulation, and acute-phase response. Apolipoprotein C-III, complement C3, complement C5, complement factor H, fibronectin, and fibrinogen chains were increased in BRVO and correlated with CRT. Fibronectin also correlated with best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Monocyte differentiation antigen CD14 (CD14) and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) were upregulated in BRVO. Contactin-1 and alpha-enolase were downregulated in BRVO and correlated negatively with CRT. Conclusions: Multiple proteins, including complement factors, fibrinogen chains, and apolipoprotein C-III, correlated with CRT, indicating a multifactorial response. Fibronectin correlated with BCVA, CRT, and VEGF. Fibronectin may reflect the severity of BRVO. The proinflammatory proteins CD14 and LBP were upregulated in BRVO.